Ig
Wednesday, September 9, 2015
Monday, September 7, 2015
Viral vaccines
Live attenuated vaccine
Measle
Mump
Rubella
Polio sabin
VZ
Yellow fever
Killed
Rabies
Influenza
Polio salk
Hepatitis A
Subunit
Hepatitis
Influenza
Bacterial vaccine
Live attenuated
BCG
Killed/inactivated
Pertussive
Cholera
Thyphoid
Sub-unit
N.menigitidis
H.influenzae
S.pneumonia
Toxoid
Diphtheria
Tetanus
Chromaffin cells
CHROMAFFIN CELLS
These cells are derived embryologically from the neuro-ectoderm (neural crest).
During development, chromaffin cells are widely scattered within the embryo.
But in the adult, these can only be found in the adrenal medulla which is innervated by pre-ganglionic fibres from the thoracic spinal cord via the splanchnic nerves.
These fibres synapse directly with the chromaffin cells which are homologous to sympathetic post-ganglionic neurons and can generate action potential * ·
Sympathetic pre-ganglionic fibres are myelinated while post-ganglionic fibres are non-myelinated. All pre-ganglionic fibres secrete acetylcholine *
Wednesday, July 29, 2015
Tuesday, July 28, 2015
Saturday, July 25, 2015
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Gram negative bacilli
Non fermentative
Cause
Nosocomial UTI
Nosocomial RTI
Opportunistic wound infection
Bacteraemia
Septicaemia
Friday, July 24, 2015
Staphylococci
Staphylococcus aureus
Wound infection
Abscesses
Bacteremia
Septicaemia
Osteomyelitis
Food poisoning
Toxic shock syndrome
S.epidermidis
Cannula associated infection
S.saprophyticus
UTI
Wednesday, April 1, 2015
Hb Bart syndrome
It is the most severe form of alpha thalassaemia. Caused by mutation or deletion of all 4 alpha globin alleles (copies of the alpha globin genes) causing a lack of production of alpha hemoglobin.
Tuesday, February 10, 2015
Anion gap
In plasma
Cations Na+136 mEq/L K+ 4.5 mEq/L Ca++ 5 mEq/L Mg++ 1.5 mEq/L
Anions Cl- 100 mEq/L HCO3- 24 mEq/L Proteins 15 mEq/L PO4--- 2 mEq/L SO4-- 1 mEq/L Organic acid 5 mEq/L
The normal range of anion gap is 8 to 16.
The anion gap is increased in Lactic acidosis DKA Hyperosmolar acidosis Salicylate poisoning Ethylene glycol poisoning Paraldehyde poisoning Hypokalaemia Hypocalcaemia Hypomagnesaemia.
Anion gap reduced in Bromide poisoning Myeloma.
Monday, February 9, 2015
Classification of Data
1. Quantitive or contunuous
eg. age, height, weight, Blood pressure
2. Ordinal
eg. mild, moderate, severe symptoms
3. Categorical
eg. hair color, ethnic group
4. Binary
eg. male or female
5. Time dependent
eg. Classification of subject whether dead or alive depending on the length of follow-up
Sunday, February 8, 2015
How to calculate confidence interval for the mean
95%CI = mean ± (1.96 * SEM )
99%CI = mean ± (2.58 * SEM )
90%CI = mean ± (1.65 * SEM )
SEM = standard error of the mean
Branches of lumbar plexus
The lumbar plexus involves the anterior primary rami of L1 to L5. This plexus forms in the substance of psoas major muscle. The branches are
Iliohypogastric L1
Ilioinguinal L1
Lateral cutaneous nerve of thigh L2 L3
Femoral L2L3L4
Genitofemoral L1L2
Obturator L2L3L4
Lumbosacral trunk L4L5
All the branches emerge from the lateral border of psoas major except genitofemoral (anterior), Obturator (medial) and Lumbosacral (medial).
The Obturator nerve
Arises from the ventral primary rami of the 2nd, 3rd, 4th lumbar nerves.
Emerges from the medial side of psoas major muscle.
Reaches the thigh by passing through obturator canal.
Provides cutaneous branches to medial aspect of thigh and
Muscular branches to gracilics, Obturator externus and adductor muscles (longus, magnus and brevis).
Articular branches to hip and knee joints.
Wednesday, February 4, 2015
The fallopian tube
The fallopian tube is developed from the cranial portion of paramesonephric duct. It is narrower at its medial than lateral end. The most lateral part is called fimbrial. The fimbria ovarica attaches the tube to the lateral pole of the ovary and presumed to aid in ovum transport into the tube. From medial to lateral the tube has parts namely interstitial, isthmus, ampulla, infundibulum and fimbria.
The tube is lined by single layered columnar epithelium with 4 types of cells; ciliated, secretory, peg and basal. Ciliated cells are more numerous in infundibulum and ampullary regions, with secretory cells more often seen in isthmus.
The epithelium shows cyclical changes.
Fallopian tube
The fallopian tube is developed from the cranial portion of paramesonephric duct. It is narrower at its medial than lateral end. The most lateral part is called fimbrial. The fimbria ovarica attaches the tube to the lateral pole of the ovary and presumed to aid in ovum transport into the tube. From medial to lateral the tube has parts namely interstitial, isthmus, ampulla, infundibulum and fimbria.
The tube is lined by single layered columnar epithelium with 4 types of cells; ciliated, secretory, peg and basal. Ciliated cells are more numerous in infundibulum and ampullary regions, with secretory cells more often seen in isthmus.
The epithelium shows cyclical changes.
Saturday, January 31, 2015
Cardiac output in normal pregnancy
In normal pregnancy, cardiac output starts to rise from early pregnancy and peak at around 20 weeks which is about 1.5litre per minutes (40% above the non pregnant level). This rise is maintained through the rest of pregnancy.
The increase in CO is caused by increased heart rate (15beat/min) and stroke volume (from 65 to 70ml).
Saturday, January 24, 2015
What is Ferguson reflex?
The neuronal stimuli caused by distension of the cervix by the presenting part of the fetus increase the secretion of oxytocin more frequently during labour.
This is called as Ferguson Reflex.
Thursday, January 22, 2015
With regard to antibodies in SLE
The most common autoantibody is antinuclear antibody (ANA) and seen in 96% of SLE patients.
Antibodies against double stranded DNA and anti Smith antibody are the most specific antibodies.
Both anti Ro and anti La cross the placenta.
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