In plasma
Cations Na+136 mEq/L K+ 4.5 mEq/L Ca++ 5 mEq/L Mg++ 1.5 mEq/L
Anions Cl- 100 mEq/L HCO3- 24 mEq/L Proteins 15 mEq/L PO4--- 2 mEq/L SO4-- 1 mEq/L Organic acid 5 mEq/L
The normal range of anion gap is 8 to 16.
The anion gap is increased in Lactic acidosis DKA Hyperosmolar acidosis Salicylate poisoning Ethylene glycol poisoning Paraldehyde poisoning Hypokalaemia Hypocalcaemia Hypomagnesaemia.
Anion gap reduced in Bromide poisoning Myeloma.
1. Quantitive or contunuous
eg. age, height, weight, Blood pressure
2. Ordinal
eg. mild, moderate, severe symptoms
3. Categorical
eg. hair color, ethnic group
4. Binary
eg. male or female
5. Time dependent
eg. Classification of subject whether dead or alive depending on the length of follow-up
95%CI = mean ± (1.96 * SEM )
99%CI = mean ± (2.58 * SEM )
90%CI = mean ± (1.65 * SEM )
SEM = standard error of the mean
The lumbar plexus involves the anterior primary rami of L1 to L5. This plexus forms in the substance of psoas major muscle. The branches are
Iliohypogastric L1
Ilioinguinal L1
Lateral cutaneous nerve of thigh L2 L3
Femoral L2L3L4
Genitofemoral L1L2
Obturator L2L3L4
Lumbosacral trunk L4L5
All the branches emerge from the lateral border of psoas major except genitofemoral (anterior), Obturator (medial) and Lumbosacral (medial).
Arises from the ventral primary rami of the 2nd, 3rd, 4th lumbar nerves.
Emerges from the medial side of psoas major muscle.
Reaches the thigh by passing through obturator canal.
Provides cutaneous branches to medial aspect of thigh and
Muscular branches to gracilics, Obturator externus and adductor muscles (longus, magnus and brevis).
Articular branches to hip and knee joints.
The fallopian tube is developed from the cranial portion of paramesonephric duct. It is narrower at its medial than lateral end. The most lateral part is called fimbrial. The fimbria ovarica attaches the tube to the lateral pole of the ovary and presumed to aid in ovum transport into the tube. From medial to lateral the tube has parts namely interstitial, isthmus, ampulla, infundibulum and fimbria.
The tube is lined by single layered columnar epithelium with 4 types of cells; ciliated, secretory, peg and basal. Ciliated cells are more numerous in infundibulum and ampullary regions, with secretory cells more often seen in isthmus.
The epithelium shows cyclical changes.
The fallopian tube is developed from the cranial portion of paramesonephric duct. It is narrower at its medial than lateral end. The most lateral part is called fimbrial. The fimbria ovarica attaches the tube to the lateral pole of the ovary and presumed to aid in ovum transport into the tube. From medial to lateral the tube has parts namely interstitial, isthmus, ampulla, infundibulum and fimbria.
The tube is lined by single layered columnar epithelium with 4 types of cells; ciliated, secretory, peg and basal. Ciliated cells are more numerous in infundibulum and ampullary regions, with secretory cells more often seen in isthmus.
The epithelium shows cyclical changes.
