1. Quantitive or contunuous
eg. age, height, weight, Blood pressure
2. Ordinal
eg. mild, moderate, severe symptoms
3. Categorical
eg. hair color, ethnic group
4. Binary
eg. male or female
5. Time dependent
eg. Classification of subject whether dead or alive depending on the length of follow-up
95%CI = mean ± (1.96 * SEM )
99%CI = mean ± (2.58 * SEM )
90%CI = mean ± (1.65 * SEM )
SEM = standard error of the mean
The lumbar plexus involves the anterior primary rami of L1 to L5. This plexus forms in the substance of psoas major muscle. The branches are
Iliohypogastric L1
Ilioinguinal L1
Lateral cutaneous nerve of thigh L2 L3
Femoral L2L3L4
Genitofemoral L1L2
Obturator L2L3L4
Lumbosacral trunk L4L5
All the branches emerge from the lateral border of psoas major except genitofemoral (anterior), Obturator (medial) and Lumbosacral (medial).
Arises from the ventral primary rami of the 2nd, 3rd, 4th lumbar nerves.
Emerges from the medial side of psoas major muscle.
Reaches the thigh by passing through obturator canal.
Provides cutaneous branches to medial aspect of thigh and
Muscular branches to gracilics, Obturator externus and adductor muscles (longus, magnus and brevis).
Articular branches to hip and knee joints.
The fallopian tube is developed from the cranial portion of paramesonephric duct. It is narrower at its medial than lateral end. The most lateral part is called fimbrial. The fimbria ovarica attaches the tube to the lateral pole of the ovary and presumed to aid in ovum transport into the tube. From medial to lateral the tube has parts namely interstitial, isthmus, ampulla, infundibulum and fimbria.
The tube is lined by single layered columnar epithelium with 4 types of cells; ciliated, secretory, peg and basal. Ciliated cells are more numerous in infundibulum and ampullary regions, with secretory cells more often seen in isthmus.
The epithelium shows cyclical changes.
The fallopian tube is developed from the cranial portion of paramesonephric duct. It is narrower at its medial than lateral end. The most lateral part is called fimbrial. The fimbria ovarica attaches the tube to the lateral pole of the ovary and presumed to aid in ovum transport into the tube. From medial to lateral the tube has parts namely interstitial, isthmus, ampulla, infundibulum and fimbria.
The tube is lined by single layered columnar epithelium with 4 types of cells; ciliated, secretory, peg and basal. Ciliated cells are more numerous in infundibulum and ampullary regions, with secretory cells more often seen in isthmus.
The epithelium shows cyclical changes.
In normal pregnancy, cardiac output starts to rise from early pregnancy and peak at around 20 weeks which is about 1.5litre per minutes (40% above the non pregnant level). This rise is maintained through the rest of pregnancy.
The increase in CO is caused by increased heart rate (15beat/min) and stroke volume (from 65 to 70ml).
The neuronal stimuli caused by distension of the cervix by the presenting part of the fetus increase the secretion of oxytocin more frequently during labour.
This is called as Ferguson Reflex.
The most common autoantibody is antinuclear antibody (ANA) and seen in 96% of SLE patients.
Antibodies against double stranded DNA and anti Smith antibody are the most specific antibodies.
Both anti Ro and anti La cross the placenta.
Anorexia nervosa is an eating disorder that causes people to obsess about their weight and the food they eat. People with anorexia nervosa attempt to maintain a weight that's far below normal for their age and height. To prevent weight gain or to continue losing weight, people with anorexia nervosa may starve themselves or exercise excessively.
Physical signs and symptoms of anorexia include:
Extreme weight loss
Thin appearance
Abnormal blood counts
Fatigue
Insomnia
Dizziness or fainting
A bluish discoloration of the fingers
Hair that thins, breaks or falls out
Soft, downy hair covering the body
Absence of menstruation
Constipation
Dry skin
Intolerance of cold
Irregular heart rhythms
Low blood pressure
Dehydration
Osteoporosis
Swelling of arms or legs
Emotional and behavioral characteristics associated with anorexia include:
Refusal to eat
Denial of hunger
Afraid of gaining weight
Lying about how much food has been eaten
Excessive exercise
Flat mood (lack of emotion)
Social withdrawal
Irritability
Preoccupation with food
Reduced interest in sex
Depressed mood
Possible use of laxatives, diet aids or herbal products
